UNDERSTANDING OVARIAN CYSTS

What are Ovarian Cysts?

Ovarian cysts are fluid-filled sacs that develop on a woman's ovaries. The ovaries, two small organs located on each side of the uterus, are responsible for producing eggs and hormones like estrogen and progesterone. Cysts are quite common, and most women will develop at least one cyst during their lifetime. The vast majority of ovarian cysts are benign (non-cancerous) and resolve on their own without any treatment.

Types of Ovarian Cysts

Several types of ovarian cysts can occur, including:

• Functional cysts: These are the most common type and form during the normal menstrual cycle. There are two types of functional cysts:
  • Follicular cysts: Occur when a follicle (which contains an egg) doesn't release the egg and continues to grow.
  • Corpus luteum cysts: Develop after the egg is released. If the sac (corpus luteum) seals off after releasing the egg and fluid accumulates inside, it becomes a cyst.
• Dermoid cysts (teratomas): These cysts contain tissue such as skin, hair, and teeth, as they form from embryonic cells.
• Cystadenomas: These develop from the surface of the ovary and are often filled with a watery or mucous fluid.
• Endometriomas (chocolate cysts): These occur in women with endometriosis, a condition where tissue similar to the lining of the uterus grows outside the uterus.

Symptoms of Ovarian Cysts

Many ovarian cysts cause no symptoms at all, especially if they are small. They may only be discovered during a routine pelvic exam or ultrasound. However, larger cysts can cause a range of symptoms, including:

• Pelvic pain: This can be a dull ache or a sharp, stabbing pain in the lower abdomen, usually on the side where the cyst is located.
• Bloating: Feeling full or swollen in the abdomen.
• Pain during bowel movements.
• Nausea and vomiting.
• Breast tenderness.
• Lower back pain or thigh pain.
• Pain during intercourse.
• Weight gain.

In some cases, a cyst can rupture (burst) or cause ovarian torsion (twisting of the ovary), leading to severe, sudden abdominal pain, often accompanied by nausea and vomiting. These situations require immediate medical attention.

Causes of Ovarian Cysts

The causes of ovarian cysts vary depending on the type of cyst:

• Functional cysts: These are related to hormonal fluctuations during the menstrual cycle.
• Dermoid cysts and cystadenomas: These cysts are not related to the menstrual cycle, but rather develop from different types of cells within the ovary.
• Endometriomas: These are caused by endometriosis, a condition where endometrial tissue grows outside the uterus.

Diagnosis of Ovarian Cysts

Ovarian cysts are typically diagnosed during a pelvic exam or imaging tests. Common diagnostic methods include:

• Pelvic exam: A physical examination of the reproductive organs.
• Ultrasound: A transvaginal ultrasound uses sound waves to create images of the ovaries and uterus. This can help determine the size, location, and characteristics of a cyst.
• Laparoscopy: A minimally invasive surgical procedure in which a small incision is made in the abdomen and a thin, lighted tube with a camera (laparoscope) is inserted to visualize the ovaries.
• Blood tests: Blood tests can be used to check hormone levels or to screen for ovarian cancer, although most ovarian cysts are not cancerous.

Treatment Options for Ovarian Cysts

Treatment for ovarian cysts depends on several factors, including the type of cyst, size, symptoms, and the woman's age and overall health.

• Watchful waiting: Many small, asymptomatic cysts will resolve on their own within a few menstrual cycles. Your doctor may recommend regular monitoring with pelvic exams and ultrasounds to track the cyst's progress.
• Pain medication: Over-the-counter pain relievers like ibuprofen or acetaminophen can help manage pain associated with ovarian cysts.
• Hormonal birth control: Birth control pills can prevent ovulation and reduce the formation of new cysts. They can also help shrink existing cysts.
• Surgery: Surgery may be necessary for large, persistent, or symptomatic cysts, or if there is concern about cancer. Surgical options include:
  • Laparoscopy: The cyst is removed through small incisions in the abdomen.
  • Laparotomy: A larger incision is made in the abdomen to remove the cyst. This may be necessary for very large or complex cysts.

Prevention Tips

While it's not always possible to prevent ovarian cysts, certain lifestyle choices and medical interventions can reduce your risk:

• Regular pelvic exams: Routine checkups with your gynecologist can help detect cysts early.
• Hormonal birth control: Birth control pills can prevent the formation of functional cysts.
• Manage underlying conditions: If you have endometriosis or polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), managing these conditions can reduce the risk of developing cysts.
• Healthy lifestyle: Maintaining a healthy weight, eating a balanced diet, and exercising regularly can promote overall hormonal balance.

When to See a Doctor

It's important to see a doctor if you experience any of the following symptoms:

• Sudden, severe abdominal or pelvic pain.
• Pain accompanied by fever, nausea, or vomiting.
• Dizziness, weakness, or fainting.
• Rapid breathing.

These symptoms could indicate a ruptured cyst or ovarian torsion, which require immediate medical attention.

Summary

Ovarian cysts are a common occurrence in women, often resolving without intervention. Understanding the different types, symptoms, and treatment options can empower women to take control of their health. Regular checkups and awareness of potential symptoms are key to early detection and management. If you have concerns about ovarian cysts, consult with your healthcare provider for personalized advice and treatment.